The tight relationship between El Nino phenomenon and natural hazards in Hawaii has generated a lot of interest in recent years. El Nino refers to the anomalously warm sea surface temperatures in the equatorial eastern and central Pacific, which recurs every two to seven years with different intensities. In general, signs of El Nino begin to show during the boreal summer and gradually intensify to its peak in the winter before diminishing by the following spring. Accompanying El Nino are changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation, such as the prevailing trade winds, upper-level North Pacific jet stream, and atmospheric teleconnections which affects the downstream climate anomalies over North America.
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